In the Later Vedic corpus, collective collective entities mentioned as Vrata, Gana, and Shreni represent the early embryonic stages of which socio-economic institution?

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As economic life diversified in the Later Vedic phase, specialized craftsmen and traders began pooling resources. Terms like Vrata, Gana, and Shreni appear in later text layers like the Vajasaneyi Samhita, marking the early developmental roots of institutional corporate guilds that fully materialized during the subsequent Mahajanapada era.

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