Consider the following statements regarding the geopolitical evolution of the Vedic social structure:
1. In the Early Vedic phase, social alignment was purely kin-based and tribal (Jana), completely lacking any permanent territorial boundaries.
2. The Later Vedic phase witnessed the physical fusion of distinct tribal clans into fixed geographical units termed 'Janapadas', directly paving the way for the concept of Rashtra.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Both statements track correct geopolitical transitions. Rigvedic nomads were loyal to their tribe (Jana) or cattle herds, and fought over animals rather than land blocks. In the Later Vedic epoch, settled farming on the fertile plain led to territory-based identities (Janapada - where the tribe places its foot), initiating the abstract concept of a territorial state or Rashtra.

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