Consider the following statements regarding the early development of Samkhya philosophical concepts within the Upanishadic text layers:
1. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad contains explicit dualistic terminology describing Prakriti as a source of matter and Purusha as the supreme witness.
2. This text layer is highly unique because it integrates early Samkhya realism with a strong devotional focus toward Rudra Shiva.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is a crucial bridge in late Vedic philosophy. It breaks from absolute idealistic monism by incorporating early Samkhya principles of the three gunas (sattva, rajas, tamas) and physical creation, while simultaneously framing these laws under the cosmic supreme governance of a personal deity, Rudra.

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