Consider the following statements mapping material culture with the Later Vedic text transitions:
1. Excavations at Painted Grey Ware (PGW) layers at Jakhera and Atranjikhera have yielded actual iron ploughshares, confirming the transition to deep intensive farming mentioned in Brahmanical literature.
2. The emergence of specialized iron tools for crafts tracks the growth of non-agrarian labor specialization recorded in later Samhitas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct. Early historians debated whether Later Vedic iron references were merely for weapons. Excavations at sites like Jakhera in Uttar Pradesh changed this by revealing iron agricultural equipment alongside craft tools, proving that the Painted Grey Ware horizon marks a genuine socio-economic transition matching the text accounts of advanced sedentary states.

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