The later years of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign witnessed widespread rebellions leading to the dismemberment of the Delhi Sultanate. Which of the following independent states emerged in the South directly during his lifetime?
1. Sultanate of Madurai (Ma'bar)
2. Vijayanagara Empire
3. Bahmani Sultanate
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All three emerged during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign due to his pre-occupation with northern rebellions. Madurai became independent around 1333-34 under Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan; Vijayanagara was founded by Harihara and Bukka in 1336; and the Bahmani Kingdom was established by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347.

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