With reference to the epigraphic (inscription) records of the 10th to 12th centuries in Northern India, the term 'Hiranya' frequently occurs alongside land grants. What did it represent?

Question

Accepted Answer

In early medieval land charters, land revenue was collected in two primary forms: 'Megha' (in kind/produce) and 'Hiranya' (in cash/gold). While the period saw a decline in general commercial coinage, certain premium taxes or state portions were demanded strictly in cash values.

Answer

Answer