During the 11th and 12th centuries, the transformation of the 'Samanta' system in Northern India led to which of the following administrative changes?
1. Sub-infeudation (creation of smaller vassals by bigger vassals) became rampant, further weakening the central command.
2. The central monarchy retained the exclusive right to mint currency and collect transit duties across all feudal fiefs.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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Accepted Answer

Statement 1 is correct; bigger Samantas started granting parts of their land to sub-vassals, creating a complex multi-layered feudal ladder. Statement 2 is incorrect because powerful Samantas usurped the right to issue their own coins and collect local taxes/transit duties (such as Sulka), bypassing the central king.

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