With reference to the international political contacts of the northwestern frontier Mahajanapadas of Gandhara and Kamboja during the late sixth century BCE, which major geopolitical event occurred that transformed regional literacy and administration?

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The geopolitical map of the northwest was highly volatile. Around 518 BCE, the Persian emperor Darius I crossed the Hindu Kush and annexed Gandhara, making it the rich twentieth satrapy of the Achaemenid empire. This contact introduced the Aramaic language and script, which local scribes modified to develop the Kharosthi script written from right to left, altering regional administrative documents.

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