In the political geography documented during the second urbanization, the isolated southern Mahajanapada of Ashmaka maintained a complex relationship with an immediate sub-state neighbor located further north along the Godavari slopes. What was the name of this region?

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The Ashmaka Mahajanapada sat along the Dakshinapatha commercial axis. Ancient texts like the Sutta Nipata record that just north of Ashmaka lay the territory of Mulaka, with its capital at Pratishthana (modern Paithan). These two zones operated as tightly coupled economic and cultural interfaces, acting as the absolute terminus node for incoming northern merchant networks.

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