In the evolving labor stratification of the middle Gangetic plains during the Mahajanapadas era, what was the precise structural distinction between the Kammakaras and the Dasas?

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Pali literature maps a clear class division in rural production. Dasas were domestic or agricultural slaves who lacked personal freedom and legal identity. Kammakaras, conversely, were free men but deeply marginalized as they owned zero land assets and had to sell their physical labor to wealthy Gahapatis on a daily basis to survive.

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