In the socio-economic setup of the Mahajanapadas era, the administrative head of an autonomous craft guild was designated by which specific title, and what was their institutional relation to the state?

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In the urban centers, artisan guilds achieved high structural institutionalization. The head of a guild was called the Jetthaka or Pramukha. They did not just manage trade quality but also held customary judicial authority to settle civil disputes among members. Because of their massive economic leverage, monarchs integrated them into state machinery as court counselors.

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