Archaeological excavations at Kaushambi, the capital of the Vatsa Mahajanapada, have revealed a massive defensive rampart wall. What was the highly unique architectural feature of this fortification layer?

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Kaushambi features some of the most advanced pre-Mauryan municipal engineering. The core mud rampart was faced externally with a meticulously laid revetment of kiln-burnt bricks. The architectural design shows a sharp structural batter or slope that parallels the ancient defense topologies of Harappan citadels, demonstrating highly advanced localized brick masonry.

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