According to the early legal codes and Dharmasutras compiled during the second urbanization, how did specialized artisans who could not pay taxes in cash or crop produce contribute to state revenues regularly?

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Early taxation systems adapted to non-monetized labor pools. Dharmasutras laid down that since weavers, blacksmiths, and carpenters did not own farms, they had to pay their state dues through physical tax or vishti. This required them to work exactly one day every month for free inside the kings manufacturing units or public engineering tasks.

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