Recent paleoclimatic studies using speleothem records and oxygen isotope analyses from Himalayan cave structures have concluded that the primary catalyst for the decline of Mature Harappan cities around 1900 BCE was:

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Modern environmental archaeology heavily favors the Megadrought paradigm (associated with the global 4.2 ka climate event). Paleoclimatic data from North Indian lake and cave systems prove that a severe weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon lasted for over two centuries, drying up perennial river channels and forcing urban de-stabilization and eastward rural migrations.

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