The dense clustering of hundreds of Harappan settlements—including major urban centers like Kalibangan, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi—along the dry bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra river network proves that during the Bronze Age, this river system was:

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Environmental archaeology indicates that the Ghaggar-Hakra bed (the historical identity of the Rigvedic Sarasvati) was a highly active river fed by Himalayan glacial resources during the Mature Harappan phase. Tectonic updates diverted its core tributaries (Sutlej and Yamuna) away, drying the basin and triggering the decentralization of late populations.

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