Consider the following statements regarding the structural stratification of Kalibangan in Rajasthan:
1. The pre-Harappan layer at Kalibangan features its own independent mud-brick fortification wall, proving that defensive enclosures existed before the advent of Mature Harappan urban layouts.
2. The Mature Harappan phase is characterized by a distinct bipartite layout featuring a citadel built of solid mud platforms and a separately fortified residential lower town.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct and outline deep stratigraphic evolution. Kalibangan I (Pre-Harappan) provides early proof of localized settlement defense systems. Kalibangan II (Mature Harappan) inherited this setting, scaling it up using platforms for ritual structures (fire altars) inside the citadel and a massive perimeter grid loop for the lower town residents.

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