Which landmark ruling of the Supreme Court prompted the Parliament to pass the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951, introducing Clause (4) to Article 15 to enable special provisions for advancement of socially and educationally backward classes?

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In State of Madras vs. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), the Supreme Court struck down a communal government order of Madras state that allocated seats in medical and engineering colleges based on caste quotas, ruling it a violation of Article 29(2). To bypass this roadblock and protect backward class advancement, Parliament added Article 15(4) via the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, marking the first major structural amendment involving fundamental rights.

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