In which landmark case did the Supreme Court examine the validity of police surveillance (dossiers and domiciliary visits) and connect the Freedom of Movement under Article 19(1)(d) directly with Personal Liberty under Article 21?

Question

Accepted Answer

In Kharak Singh vs. State of UP (1963), the Supreme Court evaluated secret police surveillance. The majority held that domiciliary night visits by police violate Article 21. Subba Rao, J., in his minority view, went further to state that the freedom of movement under Article 19(1)(d) and personal liberty under Article 21 collectively mean that a person's movement must be free from psychological restraints or constant watching, laying early groundwork for the Right to Privacy.

Answer

Answer