While the first four great vows or Mahavratas of Jaina ascetic code were systematically laid down by the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha, which fifth critical vow was explicitly appended to the framework by Vardhamana Mahavira?

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Parshvanatha established Chaturthama Dharma consisting of Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, and Aparigraha. Recognizing that unchecked sensory desire is the ultimate driver of mental attachment, Mahavira institutionalized Brahmacharya (absolute celibacy or chastity) as the fifth mandatory vow for monks, formalizing the complete Pancha Mahavrata architecture.

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