In the ontological framework of Jaina philosophy, the continuous journey of the soul toward liberation is mapped through sequential interactions with karmic matter. What are the precise functional descriptions of the stages designated as Samvara and Nirjara?

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Jaina realism treats karma as a subtle form of matter (pudgala) that flows into the soul (Asrava) due to passions and sticks to it (Bandha). Liberation requires a two-step reversal: First, Samvara blocks the entry vents, stopping fresh karmic pollution. Second, Nirjara forces the elimination of the existing layer of old karmic encrustations through mental discipline and physical penance, clearing the path to Kaivalya.

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