Consider the following statements regarding the structural evolution of Buddhist Epistemology and Logic founded by Acharya Dignaga and Dharmakirti:
1. This system systematically reduced the valid sources of knowledge or pramanas to only two categories: Pratyaksha (direct perception) and Anumana (inference).
2. It completely rejected the independent authority of verbal testimony or Shabda, arguing that reliable testimony is merely a sub-category of inference.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct. Dignaga and Dharmakirti revolutionized Indian logic via the Pramana-samuchchaya framework. They broke away from the traditional Nyaya system which accepted four pramanas. The Buddhist masters established that only perception and inference are valid channels because reality contains only two aspects: specific unique particulars (svalaksana) and universal concepts (samanyalaksana), absorbing verbal testimony directly into inference loops.

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