Which of the following factors contribute to the weakening of effective parliamentary control over the executive in India? 1. Increased use of the 'Guillotine' during the passage of budgets and bills. 2. The growing practice of delegated or subordinate legislation. 3. Promulgation of ordinances during the recess of Parliament. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Explanation

Parliamentary control over the executive in India faces several limitations: 1. The Guillotine is a closure motion used to put demands for grants or parts of bills to vote without discussion due to time constraints, which bypasses parliamentary scrutiny. 2. Due to lack of time and technical expertise, Parliament delegates the power to frame detailed rules and regulations to the executive (delegated/subordinate legislation), reducing direct legislative oversight. 3. The executive can pass laws via Ordinances when Parliament is not in session, bypassing immediate legislative debate.