The Indian Constitution establishes a judicial system that is both integrated and independent. Which of the following structural layouts best distinguishes the integrated nature of the Indian judiciary from the federal judiciary of the United States?

Explanation

In the United States, there is a double system of courts: a federal judiciary for federal laws and a state judiciary for state laws. In contrast, India has an integrated judicial setup where a single hierarchy of courts (headed by the Supreme Court) enforces both central and state laws, preventing institutional friction between tiers of government.