In the historic Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India case (2017), a 9-judge Constitution Bench held that the Right to Privacy is an inherent part of Article 21. Which of the following tests was formulated by the court to check the validity of any state action that restricts privacy?

Explanation

In the Puttaswamy judgment (2017), the Supreme Court held that any law or state action restricting privacy must satisfy a three-fold requirement: 1. Legality (there must be an existing law); 2. Need/Proportionality (the measure taken must be proportional to the object sought to be achieved); and 3. Legitimate State Aim (the restriction must serve a valid state objective).